South Korea

Intelligence for Better Decision Making

TSMC and Samsung Accelerate 2 nm Chip Production Amid Intensifying AI Market Demand
Dec. 2, 2025 | Technology & Innovation

Leading semiconductor manufacturers are boosting production capacity and deploying advanced chip technologies to meet growing AI and high-performance computing demands.

**TSMC is ramping up its 2-nanometer fabrication capacity from seven to ten fabs in the Southern Taiwan Science Park, fueled by a roughly NT$900 billion investment.**
Surging demand for AI and high-performance computing chips—especially GPUs and CPUs for AI servers—drives the company to target requirements of the early 2030s. About 70 percent of TSMC’s US$40–42 billion capital expenditure in 2025 will go to advanced 2 nm and 3 nm processes. Domestic political pressures reinforce TSMC’s decision to keep its most advanced production facilities in Taiwan.

**Despite this ramp-up, supply constraints and higher pricing challenge TSMC’s 2 nm business.**
Its 2 nm chips cost at least 50 percent more than 3 nm devices, prompting some fabless companies to explore alternative suppliers. Samsung stands to gain customers seeking leading-edge production that offers more favorable pricing or availability.

**Samsung Electronics reports that its 2 nm process yields have climbed to 55–60 percent, approaching the level needed for viable mass production.**
Tesla, under a long-term contract for next-generation AI5 and AI6 chips, and Samsung’s own Exynos 2600 mobile application processor serve as key validation platforms to further boost yields. Samsung plans to start full-scale 2 nm manufacturing at its new Taylor, Texas, facility and integrate the technology into its flagship Galaxy S26 smartphone in 2026.

**Alongside its 2 nm efforts, Samsung has merged its dedicated high-bandwidth memory (HBM) development task force into the broader DRAM Development Office, consolidating process, design, and advanced packaging functions.**
This reorganization supports a unified memory strategy focused on HBM4 and HBM4E production and aligns with the upcoming Pyeongtaek P5 “AI mega fab.” That facility will co-locate HBM4/5 production alongside 3 nm and 2 nm foundry operations and advanced packaging, with the HBM design team centrally connecting foundry and packaging activities.

**Over the next two to three years, TSMC and Samsung will intensify their competition around production capacity, process yields, design support, pricing, and infrastructure development.**
The result of this contest will shape availability and costs of leading-edge semiconductor technologies, particularly in AI and high-bandwidth memory applications.
OpenAI’s High-Stakes Expansion Amid Surging AI Integration and Intensifying Competition
Dec. 2, 2025 | Competitiveness

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence is transforming industries from search to education and testing the resilience of major developers.

**Since marking its third anniversary, ChatGPT has deepened AI integration across search, translation, coding, customer service and education.**
AI has emerged as a transformative platform that reshapes industrial structures and work dynamics. OpenAI, the developer of ChatGPT, confronts rising operational costs, fierce global competition and ongoing controversies over user safety and ethics.

**OpenAI has funded its rapid growth with massive investments in large-scale data centers and aggressive expansion strategies, yet it continues to run a substantial deficit.**
HSBC predicts annual revenue will climb from $12.5 billion in 2025 to $213.6 billion by 2030, while operating losses may widen to $76.5 billion. Key cost drivers include a revenue-sharing agreement with Microsoft, high costs of goods sold, extensive research and development expenditures and significant administrative expenses. Contracts with Microsoft and Amazon for cloud computing capacity total $250 billion and $38 billion, respectively, and could reach a cumulative $1.8 trillion. As infrastructure builds accelerate, annual data center rental costs could approach $620 billion.

**To support projected demand, OpenAI plans to invest $18 billion in the Stargate Project, partnering with SoftBank and Oracle to build five new AI data centers and secure 250 GW of capacity by 2033.**
Achieving financial sustainability depends on growing the user base to roughly 3 billion by 2030 to offset soaring infrastructure and operational expenses. Nvidia GPU–based servers require substantial power and physical space, further intensifying cost pressures.

**Competition in the AI sector is intensifying as rivals develop alternative hardware and models.**
Google is preparing Gemini 3, which will run on its proprietary Tensor Processing Units and aim to outperform GPU-based systems in speed, energy efficiency and multimodal tasks. Meta is reportedly evaluating Google’s TPUs over Nvidia GPUs. Industry experts expect future competition to hinge more on data center architecture, power efficiency and cost-effective computation than on model accuracy alone, making OpenAI’s reliance on Nvidia GPUs a potential vulnerability.

**OpenAI also faces controversies around user safety and content moderation.**
Lawsuits claim ChatGPT content contributed to harmful outcomes, including a teenage suicide; OpenAI rejects legal responsibility but acknowledges inherent risks in human-AI interactions. After its GPT-4–powered Kuma AI teddy bear provided inappropriate information to minors, OpenAI suspended the product. Meanwhile, the company plans to introduce adult content features with age and identity verification, a strategy analysts link to efforts to diversify revenue through premium subscription tiers.

Monitored Intelligence for South Korea - Dec. 2, 2025


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Erudite Risk takes an all risks approach to intelligence reporting. We categorize key intelligence into one of 40 different risk intelligence categories.

The goal is to provide intelligence that allows decision makers to avoid being blindsided by what they may have missed, while informing them to make better decisions as well.

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We categorize key intelligence into one of 30 different operations intelligence categories.

Different roles and functions within the organization can monitor different key issue areas. HR may monitor employment, wages, regulations, labor and management relations, etc., while P&L leaders may monitor overall developing trends.

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與, 모든 기업 법인세율 1%P 인상 강행

Ruling Party Forces 1% Point Increase in Corporate Tax Rate for All Companies

Hankyung | Local Language | News | Dec. 2, 2025 | Regulation

The South Korean government will proceed with amending the Corporate Tax Act to uniformly increase the corporate tax rate by 1 percentage point across all company sizes, effective from December 1, 2025. This increase applies to all four income brackets, moving rates from 9%, 19%, 21%, and 24% to 10%, 20%, 22%, and 25%, respectively. The ruling Democratic Party of Korea successfully pushed this, despite opposition from the People Power Party, which sought to exclude small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from the hike. The opposition’s attempts to maintain lower rates for SMEs were rejected, leading to criticism of the ruling party as imposing a "tax dictatorship." The estimated additional revenue from this tax adjustment is approximately 18 trillion won over five years.

Alongside the corporate tax amendment, the Education Tax Act will also be revised to double the tax rate on profits exceeding 1 trillion won for financial companies, from 0.5% to 1%. This change is expected to generate about 1.2 trillion won more annually from around 60 financial institutions. The government and ruling party justify this as necessary tax normalization to align with financial companies' increased profitability and allocate funds toward talent development. The opposition regards this as a punitive "windfall tax" that disrupts corporate planning.

In addition, the National Assembly’s Strategy and Finance Committee approved other budget-related bills, including amendments to the Restriction of Special Taxation Act. These include a new dividend tax structure with rates ranging from 14% to 30% based on dividend income levels. Regarding mutual finance institutions, lawmakers agreed to relax the non-taxable income threshold for quasi-members from the government's proposed 50 million won to 70 million won, reflecting sensitivity to local constituency concerns. This marks some compromise between parties on tax policy outside the corporate and education tax amendments.

마스오토, 자율주행 데이터 1천만km 달성

Masauto achieves 10 million kilometers of autonomous driving data

ZD Net Korea | Local Language | News | Dec. 2, 2025 | UndeterminedTech Development/Adoption

Masauto, led by CEO Park Il-su, has surpassed 10 million kilometers of real-world driving data through its vision-based End-to-End (E2E) AI autonomous driving trucks and data collection devices. This includes 2 million kilometers from autonomous freight transport and 8 million kilometers from its camera-based data collection device, MasBox, installed on trucks of major domestic logistics partners operating nationwide across highways, provincial roads, and urban areas.

The company's autonomous freight trunk-line transport service commenced in 2023 following a regulatory sandbox exemption from the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy in 2022. Masauto collaborates with major logistics firms such as Hyundai Glovis, Lotte Global Logistics, CJ Logistics, Hyundai Mobis, and others. So far, paid transport trips have exceeded 5,000, with an average round-trip distance of approximately 540 km. The collected data encompasses diverse real-world scenarios including various weather conditions, traffic congestion, and accident situations, used to train a single neural network-based E2E heavy-truck autonomous driving AI system.

Masauto’s data acquisition supports the South Korean government’s “K-Mobility Global Leading Strategy,” which promotes a shift toward AI-centered autonomous driving using large-scale real-world data rather than traditional LiDAR-based, rule-driven approaches. The company plans to scale MasBox installations to over 1,000 units among partners to collect around 100 million kilometers of data, further advancing its autonomous driving AI.

In early November 2025, Masauto was appointed lead organization for an 18.2 billion won government project titled “Development of unmanned autonomous driving commercialization technology for large-truck freight transport.” The project involves a 13-organization consortium from industry, academia, research, and government, targeting the commercialization of large-truck autonomous driving by 2027.

HD Hyundai Heavy Industries merges with aims to solidify No. 1 shipbuilder position

Joongang Ilbo | English | News | Dec. 2, 2025 | UndeterminedMergers & Acquisitions

HD Hyundai Heavy Industries and HD Hyundai Mipo have completed their merger and are now operating as a single entity named HD Hyundai Heavy Industries. This consolidation aims to strengthen their position as the world’s leading shipbuilder by maximizing synergies and expanding market presence. The merger aligns with similar moves by competitors in China and Japan and seeks both quantitative and qualitative growth in the global shipbuilding industry.

The merged company plans to focus on cooperation with the U.S. market under the "Make American Shipping Great Again" initiative, along with bolstering its defense sector, targeting 37 trillion won ($25.2 billion) in revenue by 2035, with 10 trillion won from defense. It also aims to accelerate development in environmentally friendly and next-generation shipbuilding technologies by integrating R&D and design capabilities.

The new HD Hyundai Heavy Industries intends to diversify into special-purpose vessels, including icebreakers, responding to increasing demand from Arctic development. Chairman Chung Ki-sun expressed optimism about technological innovation following the merger, emphasizing employee collaboration. Actor Kim Woo-bin also conveyed support for the merger as a catalyst for a stronger shipbuilding industry in Korea.

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