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China-Russia alignment – a shared vision, without fully seeing eye to eye
MERICS | English | AcademicThink | May 9, 2025 | Shifting Geopolitical Alliances
China and Russia's "no-limits partnership," announced prior to Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, has shown both increasing collaboration and notable limits. While the two nations have strengthened ties in key sectors, including record bilateral trade reaching USD 245 billion in 2024, differences emerge regarding geopolitical interests. China's stance, particularly in the context of the Ukraine conflict and its relationships with the West, indicates that alignment is not absolute.
Economic interactions between China and Russia surged, with Chinese exports of dual-use goods and imports of Russian oil hitting record highs. Over 39 percent of Russia's international trade is now conducted in Chinese Yuan, a significant shift since early 2022. High-level exchanges between the nations have also intensified, reflecting deepening ties, yet political alignment has weakened, particularly within the United Nations framework. Voting patterns show a decreased alignment in 2024 compared to previous years, especially concerning resolutions related to Ukraine.
China's hesitance to fully back Russia in the war highlights the complexities of their partnership. Statements by Chinese diplomats suggest the no-limits partnership is influenced by principles of international law and concern for geopolitical stability. While Xi Jinping has reaffirmed the partnership, Beijing remains cautious, seeking to balance its strategic objectives and reassure the West of its position. This relationship illustrates a shared ambition for an alternative global order, stemming from a mutual interest in regime security while navigating divergent approaches towards international issues.